B

an international program developed by WHO/UNICEF for the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding as a strategy aimed at increasing the health and well being of children and families

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are a lipid and polysaccharide complex that forms the major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, such as E.coli, salmonella, shigella and other enterobacteria. Lipopolysaccharides are endotoxins; heat-stable toxins that are released when the bacterial cell is disrupted.

Balance of cytokines is the relative quantities of specific cytokines in an immune response Commonly used in reference to Th1/Th2 cytokines and allergy.

Bariatric is an area of medicine that supports the study of, assessment, treatment and management of obesity.

Bariatric surgery is a branch of medicine that deals with the surgical treatment of obesity.

Basal energy expenditure is the energy expended for respiration, circulation, brain activity and other vital body functions. It is measured in the resting condition, while fasting, free from stress and in a thermoneutral environment.

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues, plus the energy needed to maintain blood circulation, respiration, and gastrointestinal and renal processing (i.e. the basal cost of living).

"The risk of an adverse outcome in the control group."


Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

A strategy that uses pre-set carbohydrate quantity targets for each meal alongside fixed doses of diabetes medications.

Source: Warshaw H, Bolderman K. Practical carbohydrate counting: A how-to-Teach Guide for Health Professionals. American Diabetes Association. 2009.

"A study in which the investigators compare the status of a group of study participants before and after the introduction of an intervention."


Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a progressive enlargement of the prostate due to hyperplasia of both glandular and stromal components. It typically begins in the fifth decade and sometimes causes obstructive or irritative symptoms or both; it does not evolve into cancer.

A moderate beta thalassemia phenotype with symptom severity between beta thalassemia minor and major. Caused by inheritance of two defective genes.

Source:
Braunstein EM. Thalassemias. Merck Manual Professional Version. Updated September 2020. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-hemolysis/thalassemias

The most severe phenotype of beta thalassemia, caused by inheritance of two defective genes. Typically manifests in early life (one to two years of age) and results in severe anemia, bone marrow hyperactivity and iron overload.

Source:
Braunstein EM. Thalassemias. Merck Manual Professional Version. Updated September 2020. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-hemolysis/thalassemias

The mildest phenotype of beta thalassemia, caused by inheritance of only one defective gene. Results in mild to moderate anemia and is typically asymptomatic.

Source:
Braunstein EM. Thalassemias. Merck Manual Professional Version. Updated September 2020. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-hemolysis/thalassemias

Betalactoglobulin is one of the most abundant milk proteins and a significant milk allergen. Along with casein, it is one of the most frequently and intensively recognized protein by IgE antibodies.

“of, relating to, or affecting both alleles of a gene”

Source: Merriam-Webster. Biallelic. [cited October 20, 2020]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/biallelic

"A systematic error in the design, conduct or interpretation of a study that may cause a systematic deviation from the underlying truth."

Source: JAMAevidence. JAMAevidence glossary. American Medical Association; 2021.

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria of the family Actinomycetaceae, order Actinomycetales. The organisms occur as irregularly staining rods of bifurcated Y and V forms and club or spatulate shapes.

Bioactive compounds are constituents that are found in small quantities in foods. They can vary in chemical structure and their functions. Some examples include phenolic organosulfur and carotenoids compounds.

Bioavailability is the proportion of an ingested nutrient that is absorbed and utilized. It can be influenced by the physiological state of an individual and the interaction of other nutrients consumed in diet.

Include “laboratory data, (e.g., electrolytes, glucose, and lipid panel) and tests (e.g., gastric emptying time, resting metabolic rate)”.

Source: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. eNCPT: electronic nutrition care process terminology 2020. Available from: http://www.ncpro.org

Biofilm is a thin layer of inorganic or organic microorganisms that adhere to the surface of a structure, together with the polymers that they secrete.

Bird-days is "the standard denominator used to calculate all proportions, or percentages. For the year, it is the mean daily population of birds in the Lion scheme (including breeding birds and pullets in rear) multiplied by 365."

Source: Farm Antibiotics. Laying hens. 2017 Jul. Available from: https://www.farmantibiotics.org/progress-updates/progress-by-sector/egg-production/

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in the manufacture of epoxy resins for internal food can linings and polycarbonate plastics. It is a known endocrine disruptor.

Bitter melon flourishes in India, Asia, South America, Africa and the Caribbean. The bitter melon plant is a vine with green leaves and yellow flowers and the fruit is oblong and green, resembling a cucumber. The extracts of the unripe fruit are most frequently used are the fruit and the seeds.

Within a clinical trial, "Patients [participants], clinicians, data collectors, outcome adjudicators, or data analysts are unaware of which patients [participants] have been assigned to the experimental or control group".

JAMAevidence. JAMAevidence glossary. American Medical Association; 2021.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is weight(kg)/height(m)2 (squared).

A procedure that delivers healthy bone marrow stem cells into an individual to replace bone marrow that is either not working properly or has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation.

Source: Medline Plus. Bone marrow transplant. Abstract available from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003009.htm

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure of the amount of calcium in bones. A BMD test detects osteopenia (bone loss usually without symptoms and osteoporosis (more severe bone loss which may cause symptoms).

Borborygmi is a rumbling sound made by the movement of gas in the intestine. Borborygmus is the plural version.

Stomach rumbling

Stomach rumbling

Slow movements

A brain infarct is tissue death in the brain due to a lack of oxygen.

Any food that is being marketed or represented as a partial or total replacement for breastmilk, whether or not it is suitable for that purpose.

A contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing narrowing of the lumen.

Brucellosis is a rare foodborne illness caused by consuming infected raw milk or undercooked meat.

Source: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Brucellosis Transmission. 2019 Mar 8. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html#:~:text=Person%2Dto%2Dperson%20spread%20of,tissue%20transplantation%20or%20blood%20transfusions.