Information in this section pertains to all global PEN® partners except where country flags are
visible. Click on the flag(s) for country-specific information. If a country flag is not listed, there is
no information specific to that country.
Disease Etiology
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have an incredibly high degree of variability between cases, and as such, there is no consistent definition of what constitutes a TBI. However, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a comprehensive definition that describes a TBI as, “…a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury” (1).
Some of the most common types of TBI