Infant Nutrition - Breastfeeding

Practice Questions

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• Q: What dietary supplements are necessary for healthy full-term human milk-fed infants?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: How long can human milk be stored and under what conditions?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: What types of containers are appropriate for storing human milk?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-24

• Q: Does warming human milk by microwave heating affect the nutrients and/or immune properties compared to human milk warmed by other methods?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: What supplementary milk feeds can a healthy, term, human-milk fed infant have and how are they delivered?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: What are the risks to the infant when the lactating individual consumes alcohol?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-17

• Q: What are the risks to the infant and the quality of human milk when lactating individuals smoke cigarettes or use snuff?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-19

• Q: What are the risks to the infant when the lactating individual uses drugs (e.g. cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, hallucinogens, opioids)?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-31

• Q: In a newborn infant, term and near term (35 to 36 completed weeks gestation), with hyperbilirubinemia, should breastfeeding be discontinued?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: What are the infant and gestational-parental health outcomes associated with breastfeeding for six to 12 months or more compared to outcomes of infants and gestational parents who stop breastfeeding before six months?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-31

• Q: What are the infant and gestational-parental health outcomes associated with breastfeeding compared to infant formula feeding?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-19

• Q: What are the infant (term) and gestational-parental health outcomes associated with mixed feeding (human milk and formula milk)?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-24

• Q: What are the benefits of breastfeeding on cancer prevention for the lactating individual and infant?

  Last Updated: 2022-03-07

• Related Knowledge Pathways

  Lactation

  Last Updated: 2024-01-02

• Related Practice Questions

  Q: Among healthy term infants, does early feeding of cow’s milk-based infant formula affect the risk of developing cow’s milk allergy?

  Last Updated: 2023-10-12

• Q: Are there significant differences in the growth patterns of infants, birth to one year of age, who consume human milk versus formula?

  Last Updated: 2023-08-14

• Q: Is exposure to complex dietary proteins from cow's milk infant formula during infancy associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes in children at risk of the disease?

  Last Updated: 2023-04-25

• Q: When children are ill (cold, flu) or teething, how is their appetite affected?

  Last Updated: 2023-03-27

• Q: Do lactase drops added to breastmilk or infant formula promote feeding tolerance (minimize lactose malabsorption) in preterm infants?

  Last Updated: 2022-12-12

• Q: Among healthy term infants without parental history of allergy, does exclusive breastfeeding for either three or six months reduce the incidence of allergy?

  Last Updated: 2022-11-18

• Q: Among infants under the age of six months, without parental history of allergy, does feeding soy protein-based infant formula decrease the risk of developing allergic disease compared to feeding breastmilk or cow's milk-based infant formula?

  Last Updated: 2022-11-08

• Q: Among low birth weight infants without parental history of allergy, does feeding cow's milk-based infant formula when compared to exclusive breastfeeding increase the risk of developing allergic disease?

  Last Updated: 2022-11-07

• Q: Among preterm infants under the age of six months (adjusted) without parental history of allergy, does feeding cow's milk-based infant formula increase the risk of developing food allergy compared to human milk (with or without fortification)?

  Last Updated: 2022-11-07

• Q: Can the vitamin D content of human milk be increased by supplementing the lactating individual with vitamin D as an alternative to administering vitamin D supplements to the infant?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-31

• Q: Do trans fatty acids (from hydrogenated omega-6 fatty acids) consumed by a lactating individual have adverse effects on their infant?

  Last Updated: 2022-10-31

• Q: Do infants and children with a parental history of allergy who are exclusively breastfed and whose mothers avoid common allergenic foods during breastfeeding have a reduced incidence of allergy as compared to infants whose mothers do not restrict their diets?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-31

• Q: Among infants with parental history of allergy, does a combination of maternal avoidance of common allergenic foods during breastfeeding, infant feeding with hydrolyzed formula, delayed introduction of common allergenic foods and a house dust mite reduction program decrease the incidence of allergy as compared to infant-mother pairs who do not adhere to these interventions?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-31

• Q: Among term infants and children with a parental history of allergy, does breastfeeding reduce the incidence of allergy?

  Last Updated: 2022-08-30

• Q: Are probiotics effective in the prevention and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and GER-related symptoms in healthy full-term human milk-fed infants?

  Last Updated: 2022-02-04

• Q: Are foodborne pathogens transmitted through a lactating individual's milk, and if so, is breastfeeding contraindicated?

  Last Updated: 2021-12-15

• Q: What impact does Ramadan fasting during pregnancy have on infant and maternal health?

  Last Updated: 2021-10-28

• Q: What changes in breastfeeding have been shown to be effective in treating infants with gastroesophageal reflux?

  Last Updated: 2021-07-19

• Q: Does the consumption of cow’s milk instead of breastmilk or infant formula among healthy full-term infants increase gastrointestinal blood loss and impact iron status?

  Last Updated: 2020-03-31

• Q: What is the risk of Cronobacter spp. infection among infants from powdered infant formulas and powdered human milk fortifiers that have been added to human milk?

  Last Updated: 2018-05-08

• Q: How effective are telephone interventions for improving nutrition outcomes in infants and new mothers (e.g. breastfeeding support, infant complementary feeding)?

  Last Updated: 2017-07-05