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Drugs that mimic calcium and that are used to treat hyperparathyroidism.

The continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant distress or impairment. Cannabis use disorder severity can range from mild (two or three symptoms), moderate (four or five symptoms) or severe (six or more symptoms).

Source: DSM-5. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Carotenoids are a family of pigmented compounds found in plants.

A case report, also known as a case study, describes an in depth study of a unique case (a single individual or specific group) reporting on the diagnosis, treatment and follow up

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health (NIH): National Cancer Institute (NCI). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Case report. 2020

"A study reporting on a consecutive collection of patients treated in a similar manner, without a control group."

Source: JAMAevidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun.

A comparison of two groups of people not followed over time, where one group presents with a disease or condition being studied (i.e. cases) and the other is a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (i.e. control) to ascertain different characteristics or experiences.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health (NIH): National Cancer Institute (NCI). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Case-control study. 2020.

A cause is something that produces an event or condition, and effect is what results from said event or condition. This represents a direct relationship between an exposure (cause) and an outcome (effect).

Source: Susser M. Glossary: causality in public health science. J Epidemiol Comm Health 2001;55:376-378.

"Tendency of clinicians to prescribe treatment based on a patient’s prognosis. As a result of the behavior, in observational studies, treated patients are more likely to be high risk patients than untreated patients, leading to biased estimate of treatment effect."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a unicellular fresh water green alga rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

An essential mineral required by the human body for normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Chromium (Cr3+) is found in foods and supplements and is available in several forms.

A structure of DNA and protein that is found in the cell nucleus. Each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of the genes that form an individual''s hereditary blueprint. Chromosomes occur in pairs: one obtained from the mother; the other from the father, for a total of 23 pairs.

A respiratory disorder largely caused by smoking, and is characterized by progressive, partially reversible airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation, systemic manifestations, and increasing frequency and severity of exacerbations.

(IDNT) Client history includes current and past information related to personal, medical, family and social history.

"A strategy for changing clinician behavior. Systematically developed statements or recommendations to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They present indications for performing a test, procedure, or intervention, or the proper management for specific clinical problems. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by convening expert panels."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"An experiment to compare the effects of two or more healthcare interventions. Clinical trial is an umbrella term for a variety of designs of healthcare trials, including uncontrolled trials, controlled trials, and randomized controlled trials."

Source: The Cochrane Collaboration. Glossary. [cited 2019 Aug 17]. Available from: https://community.cochrane.org/glossary

A disease or condition affecting the blood's ability to coagulate.

Source: Merriam-Webster. Coagulopathy. [cited October 20, 2020]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/coagulopathy

The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation of the requirement divided by the mean requirement (SD/Mean), and expressed as a percentage (CV=SD/Mean x 100). It is a term used to describe variability of observations in a population.

"A group of persons with a common characteristic or set of characteristics. Typically, the group is followed for a specified period of time to determine the incidence of a disorder or complications of an established disorder (prognosis)."

Source: JAMAevidence. American Medical Association. 2014 Jun.

A cohort study compares a particular outcome in a group of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by one or more certain characteristics. Cohort studies can be prospective or retrospective. Prospective cohort studies involve collecting data from a group of participants in the presence of risk factors/exposures but free of the disease/outcome at the start of the study. Participants are followed up over a period to determine the occurrence of outcomes. Retrospective cohort studies asses past events or situations. There is no follow up of participants. The data is collected from previously obtained records or by asking participants to recall exposures.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health (NIH): National Cancer Institute (NCI). NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Cohort. 2020.

"Intervention other than intervention under study that may be differentially applied to intervention and control groups and, thus, potentially bias the results of a study."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Colony forming units are the number of bacteria in a given sample size that is viable (i.e. capable of initiating the development of a colony).

Commensal is an organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host.

A community-based intervention is an intervention that is implemented within one or more community groups (ad hoc or formal), that promotes change through policy, social marketing, and/or environmental changes, and that targeted members of certain groups or community members at large.

"Disease(s) that coexist(s) in study participants in addition to the index condition that is the subject of the study."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Complementary feeding is defined by the World Health Organization as "the transition from exclusive breastfeeding to family foods". Complementary feeding may also be referred to as weaning foods.

Diverticulitis with presence of abscess, fistula, obstruction or perforation.

Source: Baum JA, Ching Companioni RA. Colonic Diverticulosis. Merck Manual Professional Version. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/colonic-diverticulitis

"Represents a range of values within which one can be confident that a population parameter is estimated; the range within which the truth plausibility lies; indicates the reliability of an estimate. The smaller the sample size, the wider the confidence interval. As the sample size gets very large, we become increasingly certain that the truth is not far from the point estimate (although the true value lies somewhere in the neighborhood, it is unlikely to be precisely correct) calculated in the experiment and the confidence interval is smaller."

Source: Guyatt G, Rennie D. Users’ guides to the medical literature. Essentials of evidence-based clinical practice. AMA Press; 2002.

“A factor that is associated with the outcome of interest and is differentially distributed in patients exposed and unexposed to the outcome of interest. Unless it is possible to adjust for confounding variables, their effects cannot be distinguished from those of the factors being studied.”

Source: JAMAevidence. JAMAevidence glossary. American Medical Association; 2021.

Conjuctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctivae (membrane covering the front of the eye and lining of the eyelids) causing redness, swelling, and a watery discharge.

"A sample in which all potentially eligible patients seen over a period of time are enrolled."

Source: Guyatt G, Rennie D. Users’ guides to the medical literature. Essentials of evidence-based clinical practice. AMA Press; 2002.

"A construct is a theoretically derived notion of the domain(s) we wish to measure. An understanding of the construct will lead to expectations about how an instrument should behave if it is valid. Construct validity therefore involves comparisons between measures, and examination of the logical relationships, which should exist between a measure and characteristics of patients and patient groups."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is a method of insulin delivery. Insulin is delivered by a microcomputer (pump) in very small amounts from a syringe reservoir through a thin tube (infusion set) that is connected to a needle or cannula which is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue. The pump is programmed to deliver a continuous infusion of basal insulin according to physiological needs and then programmed to deliver boluses of fast or rapid-acting insulin as needed to cover carbohydrate intake or to correct hyperglycemia.

"A variable that can theoretically take any value and in practice can take a large number of values with small differences between them (e.g. height). Continuous variables are also sometimes called interval data."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"A group that does not receive the experimental intervention. In many studies, the control group receives either usual care or a placebo."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"Individuals or groups selected at the convenience of the investigator or primarily because they were available at a convenient time or place."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"An economic analysis in which both the costs and the consequences (including increases in the length and quality of life) are expressed in monetary terms."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"An economic analysis in which the consequences are expressed in natural units. Examples include cost per life saved or cost per unit of blood pressure lowered."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Plants growing close to the ground that provide soil protection, seeding protection and soil improvement.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cover-crop

C-reactive protein is an acute phase reactant used as a marker for inflammation.

A critical paradigm is a theory to understand communication, challenges norms and fosters positive social change.

The proposed reclassification for Enterobacter sakazakii.

"A method of comparing two (or more) treatments or interventions in which subjects, upon completion of one treatment, are switched to the other. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the patients are randomly allocated to receive these in the order “A first, then B,” and half to receive them in the order “B first, then A"."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

"a study that identifies participants with and without the condition or disease under study and the characteristic or exposure of interest at the same point in time”.

Source: JAMAevidence. JAMAevidence glossary. American Medical Association; 2021.

The possession of the awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to work effectively with clients from different cultures.

Cytokines are non-antibody proteins released by one cell population on contact with a specific antigen. Cytokines act as intercellular mediators and trigger an immune response.