G

A metabolite of galactose metabolism that results from the reduction of galactose. Accumulation of galactitol in cells creates.

Source: Demirbas D, Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Berry GT. Hereditary galactosemia. Metabolism. 2018;83:188-96.. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.025. Epub 2018/02/08. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29409891/

An enzyme in the Leloir pathway which converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, deficiency of this enzyme causes a type of galactosemia.

Source: Demirbas D, Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Berry GT. Hereditary galactosemia. Metabolism. 2018;83:188-96.. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.025. Epub 2018/02/08. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29409891/

A metabolite of galactose metabolism that results when galactose dehydrogenase converts galactose into galactonolactone. It is excreted via urine or broken down further. Galactonate is not elevated in the red blood cells of individuals wirth galactosemia.

Source: Demirbas D, Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Berry GT. Hereditary galactosemia. Metabolism. 2018;83:188-96.. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.025. Epub 2018/02/08. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29409891/
Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Vicente JB, Rivera I. Sweet and sour: an update on classic galactosemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2017;40(3):325-42. doi: 10.1007/s10545-017-0029-3. Epub 2017/03/11. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28281081/

The crystalized form of galactonate.

Source: Wehrli SL, Berry GT, Palmieri M, Mazur A, Elsas L, 3rd, Segal S. Urinary galactonate in patients with galactosemia: quantitation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatr Res. 1997;42(6):855-61. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199712000-00022. Epub 1997/12/13 20:04. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9396569/

An enzyme in which its reduced activity (deficiency) is indicative of galactosemia, as the body cannot sufficiently metabolize galactose.

Source:
Macdonald A, Dixon M, White F. Disorders of galactose metabolism. In: Shaw V, editor. Clinical paediatric dietetics. Fifth edition ed. New Jersey, U.S.A: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2020.
Berry GT. Classic galactosemia and clinical variant galactosemia. Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020; 2000 [updated 2020; cited 2020 November 20th]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/

"A general term for any disorder of the gallbladder (e.g. gallstones, cholecystitis, gallbladder cancer)."

Source: Cleveland Clinic. Gallbladder Disease. Updated 2022 Mar 5. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22976-gallbladder-disease

The passage of gastric contents into the esophagus. Most episodes are brief and asymptomatic and do not extend above the distal esophagus. GER is considered to be a normal physiologic process that occurs throughout the day in healthy infants, children, and adults.

Occurs when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus or oropharynx and produce symptoms including anorexia, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (painful swallowing), arching of the back during feedings, irritability, hematemesis, anemia or failure to thrive.

Gender dysphoria “refers to psychological distress that results from an incongruence between one’s sex assigned at birth and one’s gender identity”.

Source: American Psychiatric Association. What is gender dysphoria? American Psychiatric Association. 2022

The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA. Most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

The process of converting the information encoded in the DNA into RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA); most genes are transcribed into mRNA and ultimately into a protein product.

"The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to settings or samples other than the ones studied."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary.

All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group.

when elevated blood pressure without proteinuria develops after 20 weeks of gestation and blood pressure returns to normal within 12 weeks after delivery. One fourth of women with gestational hypertension develop proteinuria and thus progress to pre-eclampsia.

Glossitis is a condition where the tongue is swollen, has a smooth surface (normally it is covered by small bumps called papillae), and feels sore or tender. The colour of the tongue can be paler than usual or bright red. There are many possible causes of glossitis, including allergies, very dry mouth (as in Sjogren syndrome), infection or injuries to the tongue. Glossitis can affect the ability to chew, swallow and talk. It generally resolves once the underlying cause is addressed.

Any of a group of corticosteroids that are involved especially in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, that tend to increase liver glycogen and blood sugar by increasing gluconeogenesis, that are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive, and that are used widely in medicine (as in the alleviation of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis).

Formation of glucose within the animal body especially by the liver from substances (such as fats and proteins) other than carbohydrates.

Source: Merriam-Webster. Gluconeogenesis. [cited October 20, 2020]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gluconeogenesis

The glycemic index (GI) is a scale used to rate the increase in blood glucose two hours after consuming a portion of a food containing 25 or 50 grams of available carbohydrate compared to a specific portion of a standard food (white bread or glucose). A low GI food, using the glucose scale, is defined as having a GI ≤55 and a high GI ≥70.

The glycemic load (GL) is a measure that combines both the GI (quality) and the quantity of available carbohydrate in a given amount of food (i.e. GL = (GI of food x carbohydrate (g))/100 g or per 1000 kcal).

Compounds that contain carbohydrates and lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins).

Source: Myers R, Fredenburgh J, Grizzle W. Carbohydrates. In: Bancroft J, Gamble M, editors. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. Edinburgh, UK.: Churchill Livingstone.; 2008. p. 161.

A polymer of glucose used as a storage form of carbohydrate in the muscles and liver.

The breakdown of glycogen especially to glucose in the animal body.

Source: Merriam-Webster. Glycogenolysis. [cited October 20, 2020]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glycogenolysis

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which often results from insufficient intake of iodine and is usually accompanied by hypothyroidism. It is typically visible as a swelling of the anterior part of the neck. It can be associated with toxic symptoms and exophthalmos.

“A method having established or widely accepted accuracy for determining a diagnosis that provides a standard to which a new screening or diagnostic test can be compared. The method need not be a single or simple procedure but could include follow-up of patients to observe the evolution of their conditions or the consensus of an expert panel of clinicians”

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary.

An organelle made up of folded membrane and vesicles that releases glycoconjugates.

Source: NIH National human genome research institute. Golgi body. [cited 2021 January 3rd]. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/golgi-body.

A type of white blood cell that is made from small protein-containing granules. The types of these cells are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Source: National Library of Medicine (US): PubMed Health. Granulocytopenia. Abstract available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025030/

A condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of granulocytes.

Source: Cermak J. Granulocytopenia. Vnitr Lek. 2018. 64(5):520-5. Abstract available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30193521

When extrapolating downwards from an EAR for B vitamins for adults to an EAR for children, an increment is added to account for the requirements for growth. The percentage additional B vitamins and choline required for growth in children and adolescents of a given age is similar to the percentage additional protein required for growth at the same age.