P

Present in nearly 90% of patients with CF and characterized by a fecal elastase-1 concentration of less than or equal to 200 mcg/g of stool. Small intestinal transit in patients with PI can be accelerated by up to 50%, significantly decreasing available time for digestion and absorption. Enzyme replacement therapy can, to some extent, help to correct GI transit disturbances. Due to severe lipase and protease deficiency, unabsorbed lipid and protein reach the colon, potentially inducing steatorrhea and creatorrhea, respectively.

A reduction in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood.

"A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body -- abbreviation PTH; called also parathormone"

A paradigm is the foundation on which ideas, concepts, beliefs and values are used by members of the scientific community.

A behavioural counseling method where parents are guided through a series of techniques to improve their parenting skills, including positive reinforcement, role modeling and limit setting.

It is a term that includes PD (e.g. tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity), but is also caused by other conditions including multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranulcear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Pasteurization is the heating of liquids to a prescribed temperature for a specified period of time to destroy disease-causing bacteria

Non-seasonal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.

pertaining to the period before conception through to the first two months of pregnancy

A severe hyperchromic anemia marked by a progressive decrease in number and increase in size and hemoglobin content of the red blood cells and by pallor, weakness, and gastrointestinal and nervous disturbances and associated with reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 due to the absence of intrinsic factor -- called also addisonian anemia

Is a plasma membrane-bound protein, a member of a larger family of efflux transporters encoded by multi-drug resistance genes, MDR1 or ABCB1. P-GP plays an important role in drug absorption and disposition, acting as a biological barrier by expelling toxins and xenobiotics from cells.

The ability to use genetic information to design drugs that specifically target a susceptible protein or to classify a population into those who will respond to a particular drug and thereby benefit from its use, those who will experience side effects, and those for whom the drug will have no effect at all.

The observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment.

Defined as bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that requires energy expenditure in excess of resting energy expenditure.

is a salt or ester of phytic acid. It is associated with dietary fiber and is present in a wide variety of plant foods, especially wheat bran, whole grains, seeds, and legumes.

is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues including seeds, cereal grains, legumes, and nuts and is abundant in bran. When ingested it binds with minerals such as zinc, calcium, and magnesium, interfering with their intestinal absorption.

A plant compound that has physiological properties similar to estrogen.

An angle encompassing a unique or interesting aspect or a story or a person used to catch the media's attention and to sell reporters on a particular story or interview.

"An inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (such as a nutritional supplement).”

Source: Merriam-Webster since 1828. Placebo. 2021 Apr.

An approach to writing that avoids complex language and complicated expressions. Often used in developing resources for low literacy audiences. Also referred to as "clear language".

An acute phase reactant involved in fibrinolysis. It has been found to be present in high levels in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. It is linked to the increased occurrence of thrombosis (blood clot formation) in individuals who are obese and/or have metabolic syndrome.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plasminogen_activator_inhibitor-1

Air in the mediastinum, the space in the middle of the chest.

A collapsed lung.

The allergic reaction in the body to the air-borne pollen of plants, resulting in the seasonal type of hay fever

A widely used plastic that is made from bisphenol A. On bottles, its universal recycling code is listed under #7.

An elevated concentration of red blood cells.

A descriptive term of or relating to an inheritable characteristic that is influenced by several genes.

"Natural variations in a gene, DNA sequence, or chromosome that have no adverse effects on the individual and occur with fairly high frequency in the general population.” A “polymorphism involves one of two or more variants of a particular DNA sequence. The most common type of polymorphism involves variation at a single base pair."

Source: US National Library of Medicine. What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)? [Internet]. Genetics Home Reference. 2020. Available from: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp

A pathway or process that converts glucose to fructose and reduces galactose to galactitol. Also known as the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway.

Source: Demirbas D, Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Berry GT. Hereditary galactosemia. Metabolism. 2018;83:188-96.. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.025. Epub 2018/02/08. Abstract available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29409891/

General term for several groups of compounds found in plants that contain more than one benzene ring in their chemical structure. Several biologically important plant chemicals belong to this class including bioflavonoids and tannins. Many of these compounds function as effective antioxidants.

An ancient ancestor of the common grapefruit, also know as a Chinese grapefruit.

Pouchitis is the inflammation of a surgically constructed ileal pouch (made from a loop of the small intestine), which acts as an artificial rectum for patients with ulcerative colitis who have had their rectum and colon removed. The surgical procedure is known as ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Acute pouchitis typically refers to symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, cramping, fecal urgency or incontinence) lasting <4 weeks; whereas in chronic pouchitis symptoms typically are present for >4 weeks.

Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients (dietary fibre) that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one of more limited number of bacteria in the colon and thus improve host health. For a food ingredient to be considered a prebiotic, it must meet several criteria. These criteria include: it must neither be hydrolysed, nor absorbed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract; be selectively fermented by one or a limited number of potentially beneficial bacteria in the intestine; and it must be able to alter the colonic microflora towards a healthier composition.

helps determine a patient's needs within a given counselling context by assessing motivational characteristics, physical, manual and economic barriers and facilitators, and specific circumstantial rewards and penalties. The approach can avoid inappropriate techniques, for example trying to persuade an already-motivated patient that change is necessary. Skipping unnecessary steps frees time to focus on aspects of the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and understanding that require modification.

A participant in a program as an active learner and colleague.

The process of working with students for the purpose of training.

"1. [In statistics:] A measure of the likelihood of random errors in the results of a study, meta-analysis or measurement. The greater the precision, the less random error. Confidence intervals around the estimate of effect from each study are one way of expressing precision, with a narrower confidence interval meaning more precision.
2. [In trial searching:] The proportion of relevant articles identified by a search strategy expressed as a percentage of all articles (relevant and irrelevant) identified by that strategy. Highly sensitive strategies tend to have low levels of precision. It is calculated as follows: Precision = Number of relevant articles/Number of articles identified."

Source: The Cochrane Collaboration. Glossary. [cited 2019 Aug 17]. Available from: https://community.cochrane.org/glossary.

Describes blood glucose levels that are below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes but are a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Source: Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee. Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(suppl 1):S1-S325. Available from http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/cpg

The predictive value of a test is a measure of the times that the value (either positive or negative) is the true value; i.e. the percent of all positive tests that are true positives is the positive predictive value.

Source: The University of Iowa Department of Pathology. Predictive value theory. Available from: http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/path_handbook/Appendix/Chem/pred_value_theory.html

A condition in pregnancy manifested by hypertension, edema and/or proteinuria (excess protein in urine).

An infant who is born before the 37th week of pregnancy.

A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue that is typically over a bony prominence resulting from pressure, or pressure in combination with shear and/or friction.

The percentage of a defined population that is affected by a specific condition at the same time.

The percentage of a population or group that has intakes below requirements.

The prick-by-prick test involves insertion of a sterilized needle into the test food in its raw state. The food is then transferred to the patient by inserting the needle a little way into the skin. The same wheal and flare response as in the skin tests indicates a positive reaction

Is also known as Nopal, is found throughout the Western hemisphere and is used commonly in Mexico. The used parts are the leaves, flowers, stems, and fruit.

Primary prevention of CVD focuses on strategies to prevent CVD morbidity and mortality in healthy individuals.

Teeth developed and erupted first in order of time; the first set of teeth to develop; the first baby teeth; they begin to erupt at about 6 months and consist of 20 teeth

A relative or absolute absence of the enzyme, lactase, that develops in childhood

Risk or likelihood of an occurrence.

A method of assessing the nutrient adequacy of groups. It uses the distribution of usual intakes and the distribution of requirements to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes in a group. Also known as the NRC approach.

Outcome of a calculation that compares an individual's usual intake to the distribution of requirements for persons of the same life stage and gender to determine the probability that the individual's intake does not meet his or her requirements.

Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.

Processed meat is meat preserved through salting, curing, fermentation and smoking. (e.g. ham, salami, bacon, hotdogs, sausage, chorizo).

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and liver cancer. 2018. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/liver-cancer

A technical term used by mental health professionals to describe a specific group of symptoms that may precede the onset of a mental illness.

The breast cancer cells that have receptors for progesterone.

Source: breastcancer.org

"A study that enrolls patients at a point in time and follows them forward to determine the frequency and timing of subsequent events."

Source: Health Evidence. Glossary. 2019. Available from: https://www.healthevidence.org/glossary.aspx.

A region in DNA that encodes regulatory sequences needed for gene transcription.

A substance that causes oxidation and damage to cells and surrounding molecules. Some Antioxidants in very high doses can turn into pro-oxidants.

"The investigator identifies exposed and non-exposed groups of people, each a cohort, and then follows them forward in time, monitoring the occurrence of the predicted outcome."

Source: Guyatt G, Rennie D. Users’ guides to the medical literature. Essentials of evidence-based clinical practice. AMA Press; 2002.

A single-chain glycoprotein with 240 amino acid residues and four carbohydrate side chains, found in normal seminal fluid and produced by the prostatic epithelial cells. Elevated levels in the blood are associated with prostatic enlargement and prostatic adenocarcinoma.

A region in DNA that dictates the genetic recipe which is used to produce the protein.

Enzymes that break down proteins

The time it takes plasma to clot after an addition of tissue factor (obtained from animals) which measures the quality of the pathway of blood coagulation.

The most powerful type of acid suppressors. These medications work by preventing acid pumps in the stomach from producing too much acid. Also known as acid pump inhibitors.

"Occurs when the publication of research depends on the direction of the study results and whether they are statistically significant."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary.