E

EAR cut-point method is used to determine the prevalence of inadequacy for a group or more specifically the proportion of a group with intakes below the EAR.

A study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals. An example is the study of the relationship between the distribution of income and mortality rates in states or provinces. Conclusions of ecological studies may not apply to individuals; thus caution is needed to avoid the ecological fallacy.

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent or reflect the association that exists at an individual level; a causal relationship that exists on a group level or among groups may not exist among the group individuals.

This term has different meanings in different disciplines. it is sometimes used to refer to a standardized measure of a treatment effect, but in epidemiology it usually refers to the strength of association of a health outcome with a risk factor.

This is the difference in outcomes between the intervention and the control groups, which is expressed in the units of comparison, i.e. such as the difference between the averages, proportions, the correlations or the ratio: risk ratio, hazard ratio or odds ratio.

The effect size is the difference in outcomes between the intervention and control groups divided by the standard deviation.

Encopresis or fecal incontinence occurs when stool (formed, semiformed, or liquid) seeps around the fecal mass and leaks out.

Endurance capacity is the time to fatigue (or time to exhaustion) at a fixed exercise intensity or pace.

Enteric coated is being or possessing a coating designed to pass through the stomach unaltered and to disintegrate in the intestines.

Referred to now as Cronobacter spp.

Enterohepatic circulation is circulation between the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Enteropathy is a disease of the intestinal tract.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)is a rapid immunochemical test that involves an enzyme and an antibody or antigen. ELISA tests are utilized to detect substances that have antigenic properties, primarily proteins.

Epididymis is an elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that stores and matures spermatozoa and transports spermatozoa from the testis to ductus deferens (vas deferens).

Episode of care is “a health problem from its first encounter with a health care provider through completion of the last encounter related to that problem”.

An epitope is a single antigenic site on a protein against which an antibody reacts. An eitope is composed of several amino acids in a sequence and configuration that elicits an immunological response and the production of antibodies designed to couple with that specific structure.

Erythropoiesis, also called erythroctopoiesis, is the production of red blood cells.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement defined by a specified indicator of adequacy in 50% of the individuals in a life stage and gender group.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and a level of physical activity that is consistent with good health.

Euvolemia is the presence of the proper amount of blood or fluid in the body.

Evidence-based dietetics practice is about asking questions, systematically finding research evidence, and assessing the validity, applicability and importance of that evidence. This evidence-based information is then combined with the dietitian's expertise and judgment and the client’s or community’s unique values and circumstances to guide decision-making in dietetics. International Confederation of Dietetic Associations (2010)

1. The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Evidence-based clinical practice requires integration of individual clinical expertise and patient preferences with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research, and consideration of available resources. 2. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) can be considered a subcategory of evidence-based health care, which also includes other branches of health care practice such as evidence-based nursing or evidence-based physiotherapy. EBM subcategories include evidence-based surgery and evidence-based cardiology.

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Evidence-based clinical practice requires integration of individual clinical expertise and patient preferences with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research, and consideration of available resources.

A process where neurons are damaged or destroyed through excess stimulation and receptor activation because of imbalances in neurotransmitters and ions. Neuronal cell membranes are damaged because of the primary injury, leading to a loss of K+ and an influx of Na+ and Ca+ ions. Neurons use electrical signaling to communicate, and this ion imbalance causes depolarization of the cell, which leads to random propagation of nerve impulses. Uncontrolled firing of neurons results in the undesired release of neurotransmitters and glutamate, which damage receptors on surrounding neurons, increasing the rate of cell death by up-regulating cell apoptosis pathways.

Excitotoxins are molecules that act as excitatory neurotransmitters, and can lead to neurotocity when taken in excess.

Exclusive breatsfeeding is when no food or liquid other than breastmilk, not even water, is given to the infant from birth by the mother, health care provider, or family member/supporter.

An exogenous iron source is iron from dietary or supplementary sources.

An extensively hydrolyzed infant formula is a formula in which the constituents, especially the proteins, have been hydrolyzed (“digested”) by enzymatic activity to yield single amino acids and small peptides to achieve a product that has few proteins capable of initiating an immunological response.