D

DASH stands for “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension”. This eating plan:
• suggests limiting salt or sodium to between 1500 mg (2/3 tsp) to 2300 mg (1 tsp) per day.
• is low in saturated fat, cholesterol and total fat
• emphasizes fruit, vegetables, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.
• includes whole grain products, fish, poultry and nuts.
• is low in lean red meat, sweets, added sugars and sugar-containing beverages
• is rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium as well as protein and fibre.

"A systematic approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty. It involves identifying all available alternatives and estimating the probabilities of potential outcomes associated with each alternative, valuing each outcome, and, on the basis of the probabilities and values, arriving at a quantitative estimate of the relative merit of the alternatives."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Dehydration is the depletion in total body water content due to pathologic water losses, diminished water intake or a combination of both.

"A study that describes characteristics of a sample of individuals. Unlike an experimental study, the investigators do not actively intervene to test a hypothesis, but merely describe the health status or characteristics of a sample from a defined population."

Source: The Cochrane Collaboration. Glossary. [cited 2019 Aug 17]. Available from: https://community.cochrane.org/glossary.

"Tendency to look more carefully for an outcome in one of the comparison groups (also known as surveillance bias)."

Source: JAMA evidence. American Medical Association; 2014 Jun. Available from: http://www.jamaevidence.com/glossary

Development Coordination Disorder is associated commonly with difficulties in learning, behavior, and psychosocial adjustment, in addition to core deficits in motor function.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a very serious condition which results in alterations in pH and electrolyte balance leading to acidosis and dehydration caused by a lack or relative deficiency of insulin.

Diarrhea is frequent and watery bowel movements; commonly qualified as the passage of three or more loose or watery stools/day.

A collective term for a variety of plant substances that are resistant to digestion by human gastrointestinal enzymes.

An "umbrella" term for four nutrient-based reference values that are used to assess and plan the diets of healthy people. The reference values include: the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), the Adequate Intake (AI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Relevant to U.S.A. and Canada only.

Dietary Reference Standards are nutrient intake values established as goals for individuals or groups for good nutrition and health.

Any change in eating and/or lifestyle habits where weight loss is seen as the, or one of the, desired outcomes. Dieting can also include any externally regulated eating or lifestyle plan to control or manage one’s weight, shape or body composition.

Sources:
Golden NH, Schneider M, Wood C; COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION; COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE; SECTION ON OBESITY. Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3):e20161649. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1649. Epub 2016 Aug 22. PMID: 27550979.
Tomiyama AJ, Ahlstrom B, Mann T. Long-term Effects of Dieting: Is Weight Loss Related to Health?: Weight-loss Diets and Health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2013;7(12):861-877.
Association for Size Diversity and Health (ASDAH). The Health At Every Size® (HAES®) Approach. 2014.

A regulated dietitian has the following titles and credentials:
Australia and New Zealand: Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD)
Canada: Registered Dietitian (RD) in all provinces, except Quebec (P.Dt.)
New Zealand: New Zealand Registered Dietitian (NZRD)
United Kingdom: Registered Dietitian (RD) and HCPC Registered.

Discourse refers to bodies of knowledge created through subjective thought, power structures, people and experiences.

The tendency to overeat in response to different stimuli.

The distribution of requirements reflects the individual-to-individual (between person) variability in requirements. Variability exists because not all individuals in a group have the same requirements for a nutrient, even if they are similar in characteristics such as age and sex.

The distribution of usual intakes is the long-run average nutrient intakes of individuals in the population. The distribution should reflect only the individual-to-individual (between-person) variability in intakes. Statistical procedures may be used to adjust the distribution of observed intakes by partially removing the day-to-day variability in individual intakes, so the adjusted distribution more closely resembles a usual intake distribution. Sometimes referred to as the "usual intake distribution".

Two or more diverticulum.

Source: Baum JA, Ching Companioni RA. Definition of Diverticular Disease. Merck Manual Professional Version. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/definition-of-diverticular-disease

Infection or inflammation of one or more diverticula.

Source: Baum JA, Ching Companioni RA. Definition of Diverticular Disease. Merck Manual Professional Version. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/definition-of-diverticular-disease

Presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract.

Source: Baum JA, Ching Companioni RA. Definition of Diverticular Disease. Merck Manual Professional Version. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/definition-of-diverticular-disease

A sac-like pouch in the intestinal wall.

Source: Baum JA, Ching Companioni RA. Definition of Diverticular Disease. Merck Manual Professional Version. 2019 Mar. Available from: https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease/definition-of-diverticular-disease

A dominant paradigm is the knowledge and guidance that is most widely accepted.

"A procedure of blind assignment to study and control groups and blind assessment of outcome, designed to ensure that ascertainment of outcome is not biased by knowledge of the group to which an individual was assigned. Double refers to both parties –the subjects in the study and control groups, and the observer(s) in contact with the subjects; those describing a randomized controlled trial should provide a specific description of who among those involved in the trial were blinded."

Source: Porta M, ed. A Dictionary of epidemiology, 6th edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.

Doubly-labelled water is a form of indirect calorimetry where the average metabolic rate is measured over a period of time. This process is done by administering a dose of doubly-labelled water (water in which both the hydrogen and the oxygen have been partly or completely replaced with an uncommon isotope), then tracking the loss of deuterium and O-18 in the subject, over time, through the use of regular sampling of heavy isotope concentrations in the body water (by sampling saliva, urine, or blood).

Drug Identification Number is an eight-digit (8) numerical code assigned to each drug product marketed under or in accordance with the Food and Drugs Act and Food and Drug Regulations of Health Canada.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a type of scan that uses X-rays to measure the amount of fat, muscle and bone minerals either in the whole body or in specific parts of the body (e.g. arms, pelvis).

Source: National Cancer Institute. Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health; n.d. [cited 2023 Jul 26].

Abnormal movements or difficulty movement as muscles move involuntarily and unexpectedly.

Difficulty swallowing